Analysis of Campylobacter spp. contamination and drug resistance in poultry sold in Jiading District， Shanghai from 2019 to 2021 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination status and drug resistance of Campylobacter spp. in poultry sold in Jiading District， Shanghai. MethodsFour types of poultry meats （chickens， ducks， geese and pigeons） were sampled from commercial markets， and potential Campylobacter spp. contamination was isolated and identified. Furthermore， resistance of isolated Campylobacter spp. to 15 commonly used antibiotics was tested. ResultsTotally 29 Campylobacter jejuni strains and 34 Campylobacter. coli were isolated from 236 commercial poultry samples. The most severe contamination of Campylobacter spp. was found in chicken samples， with a detection rate of 34.04%， while the lowest detection rate of Campylobacter spp. was found in duck （19.67%）. Contamination status was categorized with different storage conditions. The lowest detection rate of 6.67% was noted under frozen condition， while highest detection rate of 41.27% was noted under cold storage. Campylobacter jejuni was completely resistant to cefazolin， ciprofloxacin， nalidixic acid and tetracycline， and Campylobacter coli was completely resistant to cefazolin， cefoxitin and nalidixic acid； Campylobacter spp. showed the lowest resistance to imipenem. Multi-drug resistant strains accounted for 100.00% of the isolated strains. 96.83% of the strains were resistant to more than 5 drugs， with the highest number reaching 14 kinds of antibiotics. ConclusionThere is a significant difference in the contamination status and drug resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from four types of poultry meats sold in Jiading District， Shanghai， and the drug resistance is serious. It is strongly recommended that the use of antibiotics should be strictly controlled. Freezing can effectively reduce Campylobacter spp. pollution.

Bacteriemia por Campylobacter spp. en niños / Campylobacter spp. bacteremia in children

Resumen La bacteriemia por Campylobacter spp. es infrecuente y ocurre principalmente en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. El objetivo de este trabajo retrospectivo fue describir los casos de bacteriemia por Campylobacter registrados entre enero de 2014 y septiembre de 2020 en niños admitidos en el hospital. Se documentaron sus datos demográficos y clínicos y los datos microbiológicos de los aislados. Los hemocultivos se procesaron en Bact/ Alert 3D®, la identificación bacteriana se realizó por espectrometría de masas y la sensibilidad antimicrobiana por difusión con discos. Se registraron 21 aislamientos de Campylobacter (n): Campylobacter jejuni (16), Campylobacter upsaliensis (3), Campylobacter coli (1) y Campylobacter ureolyticus (1). Todos fueron sensibles a meropenem, el 88% a eritromicina y el 27% a ciprofloxacina. Los pacientes tenían una mediana de edad de 34 meses y el 67% algún tipo de inmunocompromiso. El 81% presentó fiebre y el 33% gastroenteritis. Se destaca la importancia de la sospecha de este microorganismo en hemocultivos de pacientes inmunosuprimidos.

Abstract Bacteremia due to Campylobacter spp. is an uncommon infection. It occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients. The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the cases of Campylobacter`s bacteremia registered between January 2014 and September 2020 in children admitted to the hospital. Demographic, clinical and microbiological data were recorded. Blood cultures were processed in Bact/Alert 3D®, bacterial identification was performed by mass spectrometry and antimicrobial susceptibility by the disk diffusion method. Twenty-one Campylobacter isolates were recorded: Campylobacter jejuni (16), Campylobacter upsaliensis (3), Campylobacter coli (1), and Campylobacter ureolyticus (1). All of them were susceptible to meropenem, 88% to erythromycin, and 27% to ciprofloxacin. Median age of the patients was 34 months. Sixty seven percent carried some kind of immunocompromise. Fever and gastroenteritis was present in 81% and 33% of the patients respectively. The importance of suspecting this microorganism in blood cultures from immunocompromised patients is highlighted.

Resumo Bacteremia por Campylobacter spp. é infrequente e ocorre principalmente em pacientes imunocomprometidos. O objetivo deste trabalho retrospectivo foi descrever os casos de bacteremia por Campylobacter registrados entre janeiro de 2014 e setembro de 2020 em crianças internadas no hospital. Os dados demográficos e clínicos dos pacientes e os dados microbiológicos dos isolados foram registrados. As hemoculturas foram processadas em Bact/Alert 3D®, a identificação bacteriana foi realizada por espectrometria de massas e a sensibilidade antimicrobiana por difusão com discos. Foram registrados 21 isolados de Campylobacter (n): Campylobacter jejuni (16), Campylobacter upsaliensis (3), Campylobacter coli (1) e Campylobacter ureolyticus (1). Todos foram sensíveis a meropenem, 88% a eritromicina e 27% a ciprofloxacina. Os pacientes tinham uma mediana de idade de 34 meses e 67% apresentavam algum tipo de imunocomprometimento. Apresentaram febre 81% e 33% gastroenterite. Destaca-se a importância da suspeita desse microorganismo em hemoculturas de pacientes imunossuprimidos.

Detection and molecular typing of campylobacter isolates from human and animal faeces in coastal belt of Odisha, India

Introduction: Campylobacter-mediated diarrhoea is one of the major causes of gastroenteritis globally. A majority of the Campylobacter spp. that cause disease in humans have been isolated from animals. Faecal contamination of food and water is the identified frequent cause of human campylobacteriosis. Methodology: In the present study, faecal samples from patients with symptoms of acute diarrhoea (n = 310) and domestic animals including cows (n = 60), sheep (n = 45) and goats (n = 45) were collected from the same localities in the peri-urban Bhubaneswar city. Genomic DNA isolation followed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing was employed to analyse Campylobacter spp.-positive samples. Results: Of the 460 faecal samples, 16.77% of human samples and 25.33% of animal samples were found to be positive for Campylobacter spp. Among animals, the isolation rate was highest in sheep followed by cows and goats with 9.33%, 8.66% and 7.33%, respectively. The highest number of Campylobacter-positive cases was diagnosed in infants of 2–5 years age. Concurrent infection of other pathogens in addition to Campylobacter spp. was frequently detected in the samples. Conclusion: The present study showed the incidence of Campylobacter infections in human and different animal species in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The analysis suggested that domestic animals can be the potential sources for human campylobacteriosis in the region.

Detection of efflux pump CmeABC in enrofloxacin resistant Campylobacter spp. strains isolated from broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Detecção da bomba de efluxo CmeABC em cepas de Campylobacter spp. resistentes à enrofloxacina isoladas de frangos de corte (Gallus gallus domesticus) no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Fowls are the main reservoirs of the highly important food-originating pathogen called Campylobacter spp. and broilers' meat and byproducts are the main vehicles of this microorganism. Increasing of Campylobacter spp. resistant strains to fluorquinolones, an antimicrobial class often employed in poultry farming and in human medicine has become a great concern to poultry breeders. In fact, several studies evaluated increasing bacterial resistance against these antimicrobial agents. The role of CmeABC efflux system has been underscored among the resistance mechanisms in Campylobacter spp. to fluorquinolones. This study investigated the occurrence of CmeABC efflux pump in 81 and 78 enrofloxacin resistant strains of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli respectively, isolated from broilers collected from six abattoirs situated at São José do Vale do Rio Preto/RJ poultry center and from two commercial abattoirs situated at Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, from 2013 to 2016. The resistance to enrofloxacin was assessed by agar dilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The CmeABC efflux system was investigated through the detection of genes genes cmeA, cmeB and cmeC by PCR. The activity of CmeABC efflux pump was investigated in 20 strains by using the efflux pump inhibitor Phenylalanine-Arginine ß-Naphthylamide (PAßN). The three genes cmeA, cmeB and cmeC were detected in 94.3% of the strains (C. jejuni = 80 and C. coli = 70), whereas the system was absent or incomplete in 5.7% of strains (C. jejuni = 1 and C. coli = 8). MIC varied between 0.5µg/ml and 64µg/ml, and 88.7% of strains were enrofloxacin resistant and 11.3% featuring intermediate resistance. The inhibition of the efflux pump by PAßN reduced the MIC to enrofloxacin up to eight times in fifteen strains (75%). These results indicate that this system is frequent and active in Campylobacter spp. Resistant strains in the presence of enrofloxacin.(AU)

As aves são os principais reservatórios de Campylobacter spp., importante patógeno de origem alimentar e a carne de frango e produtos derivados são os principais veículos desse microrganismo. O aumento de cepas de Campylobacter spp. resistentes às fluorquinolonas, uma classe antimicrobiana frequentemente empregada na avicultura e na medicina humana, tornou-se uma grande preocupação para os produtores de aves e vários estudos avaliaram o aumento da resistência bacteriana a esses antimicrobianos. O papel do sistema de efluxo CmeABC tem sido enfatizado entre os mecanismos de resistência em Campylobacter spp. à fluorquinolonas. O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência da bomba de efluxo CmeABC em 81 cepas de Campylobacter jejuni e 78 cepas de Campylobacter coli resistentes à enrofloxacina, isoladas de frangos de corte coletados em seis abatedouros situados no polo avícola de São José do Rio Preto/RJ e de dois abatedouros comerciais situados na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, de 2013 a 2016. A resistência à enrofloxacina foi avaliada pelo método de diluição em ágar para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM). O sistema de efluxo CmeABC foi investigado através da detecção dos genes cmeA, cmeB e cmeC por PCR. A atividade da bomba de efluxo CmeABC foi investigada em 20 cepas utilizando o inibidor da bomba de efluxo Phenylalanine-Arginine ß-Naftilamida (PAßN). Os três genes cmeA, cmeB e cmeC foram detectados em 94,3% das cepas (C. jejuni = 80 e C. coli = 70), enquanto o sistema estava ausente ou incompleto em 5,7% das cepas (C. jejuni = 1 e C coli = 8). A CIM variou entre 0,5µg/ml e 64µg/ml e 88,7% das cepas foram resistentes à enrofloxacina, enquanto 11,3% apresentaram resistência intermediária. A inibição da bomba de efluxo pelo PAßN reduziu a CIM da enrofloxacina até oito vezes em quinze cepas (75%). Estes resultados indicam que este sistema é frequente e ativo em cepas resistentes de Campylobacter spp. na presença de enrofloxacina.(AU)

Pesquisa de Campylobacter spp. em frangos caipiras no município de Valença/RJ / Search of Campylobacter spp. in caipiras chickens in the city of Valença/RJ

As aves domésticas criadas em sistema extensivo no Brasil são denominadas popularmente de frangos caipiras pois apresentam importância relevante nos âmbitos econômico, social e cultural para as populações rurais em vários países da África, da Ásia e da América do Sul e difere amplamente das criações industriais. O Campylobacter spp. pode ser isolado de suínos, bovinos e ovinos, porém as aves são consideradas como o meio mais importante de transmissão da doença para as pessoas, principalmente por meio da ingestão da carne mal cozida e há pouco tempo a campilobacteriose foi reconhecida como zoonose. Existe uma preocupação com a mudança de perfil do consumidor, pela procura de um produto mais saudável, menos industrializado, mas também existe uma falta de conhecimento da sanidade e das condições higiênico-sanitárias da cadeia produtiva desta ave, desde sua criação, obtenção do produto final e comercialização, o que pode resultar em agravos à saúde coletiva. Este trabalho teve por objetivo pesquisar em 20 amostras de pequenos criadores de frango caipira que comercializam este tipo de ave oriundas de 4 propriedades no Município de Valença/ RJ, onde observou-se a presença do Campylobacter spp. em 25% das amostras analisadas.

Epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter spp. among diarrhea outpatients in Shanghai, 2013-2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To understand the epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance profiles of Campylobacter spp. in Shanghai from 2013 to 2016.@*Methods@#Stool samples collected from diarrhea outpatients were cultured for Campylobacter spp., using the membrane filter method in 23 hospitals under the sentinel programs, from 2013 to 2016. All the strains were identified by biochemical tests and PCR. Broth microdilution method was used to investigate the antibiotic resistance of 179 Campylobacter spp. strains that including azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, telycin, klinthromycin and flurbenicol.@*Results@#A total of 179 Campylobacter spp. strains were isolated from 10 444 stool samples (1.7%). Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli appeared as the predominant ones (94.4% and 5.6%). The incidence rate was higher in children than that in adults, with peaks of infections mainly from April to June and October to December. Campylobacter jejuni strains seemed highly resistant to ciprofloxacin (96.4%), tetracycline (83.4%) and nalidixic acid (81.7%). The resistant rates appeared higher on Campylobacter coli strains that isolated from patients. Some strains were resistant to multi-drugs.@*Conclusions@#Campylobacter spp. seemed one of the important pathogens that isolated from outpatients with diarrhea, in Shanghai. Both age and season related characteristics of Campylobacter spp. were seen. Campylobacter spp. isolated from patients was highly resistant to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and nalidixic acid.

Adherence to and invasion of HeLa cells by Campylobacter spp. strains isolated from animals / Adesão e invasão de células HeLa por amostras de Campylobacter spp. isoladas de animais

The objective of this study was to evaluate the adherence to and invasion of HeLa cells by Campylobacter spp. strains (total n=63) isolated from chickens (n=4), dogs (n=4), non-human primates (n=16), pigs (n=9), calf feces (n=18), and bovine genital tracts (n=12). Thirty-two strains adhered to and 13 invaded HeLa cells. Invasive strains included 1 of 4 dog isolates, 4 of 16 non-human primate isolates (2 C. jejuni and 2 C. coli), 1 of 9 C. coli strains isolated from pigs, and 7 of 18 C. fetus subsp. fetus isolated from calf feces. Only 25% of chicken and dog isolates and 23% of pig isolates were able to adhere to HeLa cells, a property of 65% of strains obtained from calf feces and 83% of bovine genital tract-isolated strains. The adherent phenotype was observed in 5 of 19, 6 of 15, and 21 of 29 strains of C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. fetus subsp. fetus, respectively, whereas 3 of 19, 3 of 15, and 7 of 29 strains were additionally able to invade HeLa cells, respectively. C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated from animal feces are able to adhere and invade HeLa cells, whereas C. fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated from the bovine genital tract were not invasive in HeLa cells. The present study showed that C. jejuni isolated from primates and dogs, C. coli isolated from non-human primates and pigs, and C. fetus subsp. fetus isolated from calf feces have the ability to adhere to and to invade HeLa cells. Moreover, the lack of invasive ability by C. fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated from the bovine genital tract could be important in the pathogenesis of the genital tract diseases caused by this bacterium.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a adesão e invasão de células HeLa por amotras de Campylobacter spp. (total n=63) isoladas de frangos (n=4), cães (n=4), primatas não-humanos (n=16), porcos (n=9), fezes de bezerros (n=18), e trato genital de bovinos (n=12). Trinta e duas amostras foram capazes de aderir e 13 invadiram células HeLa. As amostras invasivas incluíram 1 de 4 isolados de cão, 4 de 16 isolados de primatas não-humano (2 C. jejuni e 2 C. coli), 1 de 9 C. coli isoladas de porcos e 7 de 18 C. fetus subsp. fetus isoladas de fezes de bezerros. Apenas 25% dos isolados de frango e de cão e 23% dos isolados de suínos foram capazes de aderir a células HeLa, propriedade exibida por 65% das cepas obtidas a partir de fezes de bezerros e por 83% das amostras isoladas de trato genital bovino. O fenótipo aderente foi observado em 5 de 19, 6 de 15 e 21 de 29 amostras de C. jejuni, C. coli e C. fetus subsp. fetus, respectivamente, enquanto que 3 de 19, 3 de 15 e 7 de 29 amostras foram adicionalmente capazes de invadir as células HeLa, respectivamente. Amostras de C. jejuni, C. coli e C. fetus subsp. fetus isoladas de fezes de animais foram capazes de aderir e invadir as células HeLa, enquanto amostras de C. fetus subsp. fetus isoladas a partir de amostras de trato genital bovino não foram invasivas, em células HeLa. O presente estudo mostrou que amostras de C. jejuni isoladas de primatas não-humanos e cães, C. coli isoladas de primatas não-humanos e porcos, e C. fetus subsp. fetus isolados a partir de fezes de bezerros foram capazes de aderir e invadir células HeLa. Além disso, a falta de capacidade invasiva de amostras de C. fetus subsp. fetus isoladas de trato genital bovino pode ser importante na patogênese das doenças das vias genitais causadas por esta bactéria.(AU)

Ocorrência de ovinos portadores da infecção por Campylobacter spp. no estado de Pernambuco / Occurrence of sheep carrier of infection with Campylobacter spp. in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil

Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a ocorrência e os fatores de risco associados à infecção por Campylobacter spp. em criações de ovinos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram coletadas 421 amostras fecais de ovinos procedentes de 20 rebanhos para o isolamento de Campylobacter spp. As espécies Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus e Campylobacter jejuni foram identificadas por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Para análise dos fatores de risco foi realizada uma análise univariada e posteriormente regressão logística a partir de questionário com perguntas objetivas sobre o manejo higiênico-sanitário e reprodutivo. A ocorrência para Campylobacter spp. foi de 4,5% (19/421; I.C. 2,8% - 7,1%). Das 19 amostras positivas no cultivo, oito (1,9%; I.C. 0,9% - 3,9%) foram classificadas como C. fetus subsp. fetus e sete (1,7%; I.C. 0,7% - 3,6%) como C. jejuni, com co-infecção em quatro amostras (0,95%). O número de focos identificados foi de 35,0% (7/20) das criações de ovinos que apresentavam pelo menos um animal positivo. Na análise de regressão logística não foi identificada nenhuma das variáveis como fator de risco. Este é o primeiro registro da infecção por Campylobacter spp. em rebanhos ovinos no Nordeste do Brasil, concluindo-se que a infecção ocorre nesses rebanhos. Dessa forma, se faz necessário à implementação de medidas de controle e prevenção, para impedir a propagação do agente entre as criações, evitando prejuízos para ovinocultura e riscos para saúde pública, uma vez que a campilobacteriose é considerada uma zoonose emergente.(AU)

The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and risk factors associated with Campylobacter spp. infection in sheep in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of 421 fecal samples were collected from 20 herds for the isolation of Campylobacter spp. The species Campylobacter fetus and Campylobacter jejuni were identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). To analyze the risk factors, logistic regression was conducted through a questionnaire about the hygienic-sanitary and reproductive management. The occurrence of Campylobacter spp. was 4.5% (19/421; C.I. 2.8 to 7.1%). Of the 19 positive samples isolated, eight (1.9% CI 0.9 to 3.9%) were classified as C. fetus subsp. fetus and seven (1.7% CI 0.7 to 3.5%) as C. jejuni, with co-infection in four samples (0.95%). The number of identified focuses was 35.0% (7/20) of the sheep herds that had at least one positive animal. The logistic regression analysis did not identify any of the variables as a risk factor. This appears to be the first report of infection with Campylobacter spp. in sheep herds in northeastern Brazil. Thus it is necessary to implement measures for control and prevention avoid damage to sheep production and risk to public health, since campylobacteriosis is considered an emerging zoonosis.(AU)

Primeros resultados de la vigilancia integrada de la resistencia antimicrobiana de patógenos transmitidos por alimentos, campylobacter spp y salmonella spp en tres poblaciones distintas. Paraguay. 2011-2012 / First results of the comprehensive surveillance of the antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens, campylobacter spp and salmonella spp in three different populations. Paraguay, 2011-2012

La infección causada por Salmonella spp. y por Campylobacter spp. son las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) reportadas más frecuentemente en el mundo, siendo la carne de pollo uno de los vehículos alimentarios más importantes para ambas. Se presenta los primeros resultados de la vigilancia antimicrobiana integrada de las ETA de Salmonella spp. y Campylobacter spp. en tres poblaciones. En este estudio descriptivo de corte transverso, de casos consecutivos, se recolectaron muestras de diversos orígenes de carne de pollo y distintas poblaciones para su aislamiento, caracterización y perfil de resistencia. Se observó una prevalencia de Campylobacter spp. del 13% en alimentos, 20% en muestras clínicas y 55% en heces cloacales de aves, con alta prevalencia de Campylobacter jejuni en las tres poblaciones; de Salmonella spp fue 6% en alimentos, 13% en muestras clínicas y 3% en heces cloacales de aves, con predominio del serotipo Salmonella ser. Enteritidis en las muestras clínicas y heces cloacales de aves. La resistencia a ciprofloxacina de Campylobacter spp., entre 59-81% se destacó en las tres poblaciones estudiadas. Para Salmonella spp. se observó una resistencia a nitrofurantoina del 73% en heces cloacales de aves, 55% en alimentos y 19,4% en humanos; a tetraciclina, 42% en alimentos, 5% en muestras clínicas y 9% en heces cloacales; para el ácido nalidíxico la resistencia fue del 72% en animales y 53% en muestras clínicas. Es importante fortalecer la vigilancia integrada de la resistencia antimicrobiana en estas tres poblaciones de manera a detectar en forma oportuna mecanismos de resistencia que pudieran afectar al ser humano a través de la cadena alimentaria.

Infection caused by Salmonella ssp. and Campylobacter spp. are the foodborne diseasesreported most frequently throughout the world, and chicken meat is considered one of themost important food vehicles for both. The objective was to present the first resultsobtained from the integrated antimicrobial surveillance of foodborne diseases of Salmonellaspp. and Campylobacter spp in three populations. In this descriptive cross - sectional ofconsecutive sampling, samples were collected from different sources of chicken meat and different populations for isolation, characterization and resistance profile. A prevalence of13% in food, 20% in clinical samples and 55% in cloacal feces was observed in the isolationof Campylobacter spp. with high prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in all three populationsfollowed by 6% in food, 13% in clinical samples and 3% in birds cloacal feces of Salmonellaspp. with predominance in the isolation of the serotype Salmonella ser. Enteritidis in clinicalsample populations and birds cloacal feces. The resistance of Campylobacter spp. tociprofloxacin of 59-81%, stood out in the three populations under study, in contrast toSalmonella spp. A high resistance to nitrofurantoin of 73% was observed in poultry feces,55% in foods and 19.4% in humans. Resistance to tetracycline was found in foods (42%),5% in clinical samples and 9% in cloacal feces. A resistance of 72% was observed inanimals and 53% in clinical samples for nalidixic acid. It is important to strengthen theintegrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in these three populations in order totimely detect mechanisms of resistance that can affect the human being through the foodchain.

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Campylobacter spp. isolated from different animal species in Minas Gerais / Perfil de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos de amostras Campylobacter spp isoladas de diferentes espécies animais em Minas Gerais

Susceptibility pattern of 45 Campylobacter spp.isolates ­ 16 C. jejuni, eight C. coli, and 21 C. fetus isolated from different animal species in Brazil ­ to twelve antimicrobial agents was determined. All Campylobacter spp. isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethoxazole. C. jejuni and C. coli were also sensitive to chloramphenicol, whereas all C. fetus strains were susceptible to kanamycin. Cefoperazone showed the highest percentage of resistance among C. jejuni (68.75%), followed by nalidixic acid (31.25%), ampicillin (37.50%), tetracycline (37.50%), erythromycin (12.50%), and kanamycin (6.25%). Likewise, cefoperazone exhibited the highest percentage of resistance among C. coli (75.00%), followed by nalidixic acid (50.00%), tetracycline (50.00%), erythromycin (37.50%), ampicillin (12.50%), and kanamycin (12.50%). Among C. fetus strains, nalidixic acid showed the highest resistance rate (85.71%), followed by cefoperazone (71.43%), tetracycline (42.86%), ampicillin (19.05%), chloramphenicol (9.52%), and erythromycin (4.76%). Therefore, it was found that the majority of Campylobacter spp. isolated from animals was sensitive to gentamycin, chloramphenicol, kanamacyn, and sulfonamides; however, a high proportion of the strains showed reduced susceptibility to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, cefoperazone, and tetracycline. Moreover, C. coli and C. fetus isolates showed a high percentage of multidrug resistant strains.(AU)

O padrão de sensibilidade de 45 amostras de Campylobacter spp, incluindo 16 amostras de C. jejuni, 8 de C. coli e 21 C. fetus, isoladas de diferentes espécies de animais do Brasil, foi determinado para doze antimicrobianos. Todas as amostras de Campylobacter spp foram sensíveis à gentamicina, sulfadiazina e sulfametoxazol. C. jejuni e C. coli foram também sensíveis ao cloranfenicol, enquanto todas as amostras de C. fetus foram sensíveis à canamicina. Cefoperazona mostrou o maior percentual de resistência entre C. jejuni (68,75%), seguido pelo ácido nalidíxico (31,25%), ampicilina (37,50%), tetraciclina (37,50%), eritromicina (12,50%) e canamicina (6,25%). Similarmente, cefoperazona também exibiu o maior percentual de resistência entre as amostras de C. coli (75,00%), seguido pelo ácido nalidíxico (50,00%), tetraciclina (50,00%), eritromicina (37,50%), ampicilina (12,50%) e canamicina (12,50%). Entre os isolados de C. fetus, ácido nalidíxico apresentou maior taxa de resistência (85,71%), seguido de cefoperazona (71,43%), tetraciclina (42,86%), ampicilina (19,05%), cloranfenicol (9,52%) e eritromicina (4,76%). Assim, os nossos resultados mostraram que a maioria das amostras de Campylobacter spp isolados de animais foram sensíveis à gentamicina, cloranfenicol, canamicina e sulfonamidas. No entanto, uma proporção elevada das amostras apresentou susceptibilidade reduzida ao ácido nalidíxico, ampicilina, cefoperazona e tetraciclina. Além disso, C. coli e C. fetus mostraram uma alta porcentagem de amostras resistentes a múltiplas drogas.(AU)

Campylobacter spp como causa de disentería: opciones diagnósticas: A propósito de dos casos clínicos / Campylobacter spp as a cause of dysentery: diagnostic options: Presentation of two clinical cases

En los últimos años se ha observado un aumento en la incidencia de Campylobacter spp (CSSP) como agente de diarrea, enteritis y disentería. Constituye una zoonosis así como una enfermedad trasmitida por alimentos. El diagnóstico de GEA por CSPP se realiza por identificación del agente etiológico en las heces del paciente. El objetivo de la siguiente observación es presentar dos casos clínicos de GEA en niños con diagnóstico etiológico de colitis causada probablemente por Campylobacter spp mediante la utilización de examen directo de materia fecal. El cultivo de la bacteria es el gold standard; en Uruguay sólo está disponible con fines de investigación. El método más fácil de poner en práctica en los laboratorios clínicos es la tinción y observación directa con un Gram modificado el cual sumado a la clínica, permite un diagnóstico con alto grado de presunción. En ambos pacientes el resultado motivó la instauración de un tratamiento antibiótico específico que determinó una buena evolución.

In recent years an increase in the incidence of Campylobacter spp (CSSP) as the agent of diarrhea, enteritis and dysentery was observed. It constitutes a zoonosis, as well as a food transmitted disease. Diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis by CSPP is done by identifying the etiological agent on the patients’ feces. The objective of the following observation is to present two clinical cases of acute gastroenteritis in children with an etiological diagnosis of colitis, probably caused by Campylobacter spp by means of a direct study of the stool. Culture of the bacteria is the gold standard, although in Uruguay it is only available for research purposes. The easiest method to put into practice in the clinical laboratories is staining and the direct observation with a modified Gram, which, together with the clinical examination, enables diagnosis with a high degree of presumption. In both patients, the result caused the adoption of a specific antibiotic, which determined a good evolution.

Epidemiología de Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes y Campylobacter spp, en la cadena productiva avícola / Epidemiology of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp., in the poultry chain production system / Epidemiologia de Salmonella spp., Listeria mono-cytogenes y Campylobacter spp., na cadeia produtiva avícola

Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. y Listeria monocytogenes son patógenos zoonóticos causantes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos asociadas al consumo de productos de origen animal contaminados. En este estudio se determinaron la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo asociados a la presencia de estos microorganismos en todos los eslabones de producción de pollos de engorde en dos empresas integradoras avícolas colombianas (EI-I y EI-II). En la EI-I, se aislaron Campylobacter spp., y Salmonella spp., del 10 % y el 4,4 % de las muestras, y el serotipo predominante de esta última fue S. Heildelberg. Se encontró Salmonella spp., en 6 % de las muestras de manos y materia fecal de los trabajadores, y S. Saphra fue el serotipo más común. En la EI-II, la prevalencia de Campylobacter spp., y Salmonella spp., en muestras de animales fue del 7 % y el 17 %, respectivamente. No se detectó L. monocytogenes. Este trabajo estableció la prevalencia de los patógenos zoonóticos a lo largo de la cadena productiva, evidenció la presencia de trabajadores/manipuladores portadores de los patógenos y determinó, que “la falta de reconocimiento médico de los empleados en el último año” constituye un posible factor de riesgo para la portación de Salmonella spp.

Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and L. monocytogenes are zoonotic foodborne pathogens, associated with the consumption of contaminated foods of animal origin. In this study we determined the prevalence and risk factors associated with the presence of these microorganisms at all stages of the production system, in two Colombian poultry companies (EI-EI-I and II). In EI-I, Campylobacter spp., and Salmonella spp., were isolated from 10 % and 4.4 % of the specimens, and S. Heidelberg was the predominant serotype. Salmonella spp., was found in 6 % of hands and stool samples of workers. S. Saphra was the most prevalent serotype. In EI-II, the prevalence of Campylobacter spp., and Salmonella spp., from animal specimens was 7 % and 17 %, respectively. L. monocytogenes was not detected. This study established the prevalence of these zoonotic pathogens through the production chain and showed the presence of pathogen carriers among workers/food handlers. “Lack of medical examination of employees in the previous year” was found to be a possible risk factor for carriage of Salmonella spp.

Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. y L. monocytogenes são patógenos zoonóticos causantes de doenças transmitidas por alimentos associadas ao consumo de produtos de origem animal contaminados. Neste estudo se determinou a prevalência e os fatores de risco associados à presença destes microrganismos em todos os elos de produção do frango de engorda em duas empresas integradoras avícolas colombianas (EI-I y EI-II). Na EI-I, Campylobacter spp. e Salmonella spp. foram isolados de 10% e 4,4% das amostras, sendo S. Heildelberg ou serótipo predominante. Se encontrou Salmonella spp. em 6% das amostras de mãos e matéria fecal dos trabalhadores, sendo S. Saphra o serótipo mais comum. Na EI-II, a prevalência de Campylobacterspp. e Salmonella spp. em amostras animais foi de 7% e 17% respectivamente. L.monocytogenes não foi detectada. Este estudo estabeleceu a prevalência dos patógenos zoonóticos através da cadeia produtiva, evidenciou a presença de portadores dos patógenos entre os trabalhadores/manipuladores e determinou, “a falta de reconhecimento médico dos empregados no último ano” constitui um possível fator de risco para a porte de Salmonella spp.

Campylobacteriosis: an emerging zoonosis, underdiagnosed and underreported by public health agencies in Brazil / Campilobacteriose: uma zoonose emergente, subdiagnosticada e subnotificada pelos órgãos de saúde pública no Brasil

The infection by Campylobacter spp. constitutes a zoonosis of worldwide distribution, with serious repercussions for public health and a significant socio-economic impact. The Campylobacter species that most often are implicated in outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease are C. jejuni and C. coli. Both are recognized as the most important and with greater pathogenic potential from the viewpoint of food safety. This review aims to clarify and discuss, based on literature, the epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. and the main challenges in their control, to assist in better understanding of the risk posed to human health. Due to the difficulty of isolating and cultivating of Campylobacter spp., the high cost and not mandatory, laboratory diagnosis by traditional cultivation techniques is not widely used in Brazil, resulting in lack of accurate data on the occurrence of the disease in the country. This factor has been identified as responsible for underdiagnosing and underreporting of the disease, which means that data on contamination of animal products or outbreaks are not statements of actual national situation. The epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. is considered complex presenting multiple determinants in the spread of this microorganism. Chickens are important reservoirs of Campylobacter sp. and the main target of control measures, however, other vehicles of transmission, such as raw cow milk, drinking water and other foods of animal origin must also be considered in the set of measures to be taken to control disease. The infection by Campylobacter spp. cause gastroenteritis in humans and occurred by oral contact with infected animals. In fact, are pets or production and food consumption, the most important pathways. The clinical manifestations of the disease can be from mild to severe symptoms, including watery diarrhea, sometimes with blood, abdominal pain, fever, headache and nausea. Sometimes the infection can get complications after the diarrhea stops and starts a progressive paralysis that can result in respiratory failure and severe neurological dysfunction and may even lead to death. The occurrence of campylobacteriosi's outbreaks should be mandatory to the authorities of surveillance, to provide an investigation of common sources and transmission control through preventive measures , thereby minimizing the potential risks to human health.

A infecção por Campylobacter spp. constitui em uma zoonose de distribuição mundial, com graves repercussões em saúde pública e com um impacto sócio-econômico significativo. Das espécies de Campylobacter sp., as que estão mais frequentemente implicadas nos surtos de doença gastrointestinal são C. jejuni e C. coli, sendo reconhecidas como as mais importantes e com maior potencial patogênico do ponto de vista da segurança alimentar. Esta revisão visa esclarecer e discutir, com base nos dados da literatura, a epidemiologia de Campylobacter sp. e os principais desafios no seu controle, para auxiliar no melhor entendimento do risco que representa para a saúde humana. Devido à dificuldade de isolamento e cultivo de Campylobacter sp., ao alto custo da análise e da mesma não ser obrigatória, o diagnóstico laboratorial por meio de técnicas tradicionais de cultivo não é muito utilizado no Brasil, acarretando falta de dados precisos sobre a ocorrência da doença no país. Este fator tem sido identificado como responsável por subdiagnóstico e subnotificação da enfermidade, o que significa que dados sobre contaminação de produtos de origem animal ou surtos não são demonstrativos da real situação nacional. A epidemiologia das infecções por Campylobacter spp. é considerada complexa, apresentando múltiplos fatores determinantes na disseminação desse microrganismo. As aves são importantes reservatórios de Campylobacter sp. e o principal alvo de medidas de controle, porém, outros veículos de transmissão, como o leite cru, a água potável e outros alimentos de origem animal também precisam ser considerados no conjunto de medidas a serem adotadas para o controle da doença. A infecção por Campylobacter sp. causadoras de gastroenterite no homem acontece principalmente por via oral, mas pode ocorrer também pelo contato com animais de estimação ou de produção infectados. O quadro clínico da doença varia desde sintomas leves a graves, incluindo diarreia aquosa, algumas vezes com sangue, dor abdominal, febre, dor de cabeça e náuseas. Porém, pode haver complicações posteriores devidoresposta auto-imune levando a paralisia progressiva que pode resultar em insuficiência respiratória e disfunção neurológica grave, podendo até mesmo levar a morte. A ocorrência de casos ou surtos de campilobacteriose devem ser notificados às autoridades de vigilância epidemiológica, para que se desencadeie a investigação das fontes comuns e o controle da transmissão por meio de medidas preventivas, minimizando assim os potenciais riscos para a saúde humana.

Occurrence and characterization of Campylobacter spp. isolates in dogs, cats and children / Ocorrência e caracterização de isolados de Campylobacter spp. em cães, gatos e crianças

To improve the understanding of implications of Campylobacter spp. infections in pets and children of different environments were analysed 160 faecal samples from children and 120 from pets (103 dogs and 17 cats). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 6.87% of the children and in 18.3% of the dogs and cats. From 33 stool samples positive for Campylobacter spp., 57.6% were identified as C. jejuni, and 33.4% were identified as C. coli. More than 50% of the isolates in pets were resistant to ceftiofur, sulphazotrim, norfloxacin and tetracycline. In humans, most of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, cefazolin, ceftiofur, erythromycin and norfloxacin. From 19 isolates of C. jejuni, 11 isolates from children and 5 from dogs contained two to four of the virulence genes flaA, pldA, cadF or ciaB. We found an association between the presence of virulence genes and diarrhoea. Furthermore, an association was observed between the presence of Campylobacter spp. and diarrhoea in dewormed pets with blood picture suggestive of bacterial infection, and the therapeutic use of antibiotics was associated with more positive detection of Campylobacter spp. in the faeces of pets. Our data indicate that virulent strains of Campylobacter spp. can be risk factor to diarrhoea in animals, and that high resistance to antimicrobial agents is common in pets.(AU)

Com o objetivo de melhorar o entendimento das infecções por Campylobacter spp. em cães, gatos e crianças no Brasil, foram avaliadas 160 amostras fecais de crianças e 120 swabs retais de pets (103 cães e 17 gatos). Do total das amostras das crianças, 6,87% foram positivas para Campylobacter spp. e em cães e gatos a positividade foi de 18,3%. Das 33 amostras positivas para Campylobacter spp., 57,6% foram identificadas como C. jejuni e 33,4% foram identificadas como C. coli. Mais de 50% das amostras isoladas de pets foram resistentes a ceftiofur, sulphazotrim, norfloxacina e tetraciclina. Em crianças, a maioria das amostras foi resistente a amoxilina, cefazolina, ceftiofur, eritromicina e norfloxacina. De 19 isolados de C. jejuni, 11 isolados de crianças e cinco (5) de cães tinham dois (2) dos quatro (4) genes de virulência flaA, pldA, cadF or ciaB. Associação positiva entre a presença de Campylobacter spp. e diarreia em cães e gatos foi observada em animais desverminados e com hemograma sugestivo de infecção bacteriana. Também houve associação positiva entre a presença dos genes de virulência e a ocorrência de diarreia, e entre o uso de antibióticos e a positividade para Campylobacter spp. em suabes fecais de pets. Os dados desse trabalho indicam que cepas virulentas de Campylobacter spp. são fatores de risco para diarreia em cães e a resistência antimicrobiana é comum em isolados de cães(AU)

Campylobacter spp.isolation, its toxin genes detection and molecular subtyping in diarrhea patients in Shanghai in 2014 / 上海预防医学

[ Objective] To investigate the status quo of Campylobacter spp.infection in Shanghai and study its molecular characteristics and virulence and toxin genes. [ Methods ] Stool samples collected from diarrheal patients were cultured for bacterial pathogens using membrane filter method.The strains were identified by biochemical tests and PCR.PCR was applied to detect six virulence and toxin genes including flaA,cdtA,cdtB,cdtC,virB11,cadF.Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ( PFGE) was carried out for subtyping. [Results] A total of 43 Campylobacter spp.(1.9%) were collected from 2 235 stool samples in Shanghai in 2014 including 41 Campylobacter jejuni isolates(95.3%) and 2 Campylobacter coli isolates(4.7%) .The data showed 100.0%(43/43) of the isolates were positive for flaA and cadF, and 93.0%(40/43) of the isolates positive for cdtA and cdtB.And 88.4%(38/43) of the isolates were posi-tive for cdtC.Only 7.0%(3/43) of the isolates were positive for virB11.Using PFGE, 43 Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains were subtyped into 6 clusters. [ Conclusion] The genes of flaA and cadF are ubiquitous on Campylobacter spp.isolates.The distribution of cdt gene cluster in Campylobacter spp.is high, while that of virB11 is low.The PFGE types of Campylobacter spp.isolated in Shanghai are of diversified and complicated features, which causes mainly sporatic diarrhea.

Avaliação de diferentes alíquotas de enxaguadura para a contagem pelo método direto de Campylobacter spp. em carcaças de frango resfriadas / Evaluation of the different rinse volumes for performing the direct technique for Campylobacter spp. enumeration in chilled broiler carcasses

O método direto de detecção e contagem de Campylobacter spp. em carne de frango é de fácil execução, porém os volumes de 100 μL e de 400 μL, preconizados em algumas metodologias, muitas vezes impossibilitam a contagem de colônias pela ocorrência de crescimento confluente ou de microbiota contaminante. O objetivo do presente estudo foi de avaliar os diferentes volumes de enxaguadura de carne de frango com a finalidade de minimizar a interferência da microbiota contaminante, sem comprometer a sensibilidade do método. Os volumes de enxaguadura de 5, 10,50, 100 e 400 μL foram testados utilizando-se os meios seletivo diferenciais ágar carvão cefoperazona desoxicolato modificado (mCCDA) e ágar Bolton modificado. A presença de Campylobacter spp. foi confirmada por métodos fenotípicos e por PCR. No entanto, a estratégia de utilização de volumes menores do que 100 μL de enxaguadura não melhoraram o isolamento e a contagem de colônias de Campylobacter, porque houve diminuição da sensibilidade do ensaio. A provável solução para minimizar a interferência da microbiota contaminante seria desenvolver novos meios seletivos ou incorporá-los aos antimicrobianos já existentes...

Characterization of antimicrobial resistance and application of RFLP for epidemiological monitoring of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. isolated from dogs and humans in Korea / 대한수의학회지

An antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted to compare the resistance rates among Campylobacter spp. isolates from dogs (n = 50) raised under diverse conditions and humans (n = 50). More than 60% of Campylobacter (C.) jejuni from dogs and humans showed resistance to nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. C. jejuni isolates from humans showed higher resistance to tetracycline (83.3%) and ampicillin (91.3%) than those from dogs. None of the C. jejuni or Campylobacter coli isolates from humans or dogs were resistant to erythromycin. Overall, 85% of Campylobacter spp. isolates showed a multidrug resistant phenotype. Nucleotide sequencing analysis of the gryA gene showed that 100% of NA(R)/CIP(R) C. jejuni isolates from dogs and humans had the Thr-86th-Ile mutation, which is associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. flaA PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing to differentiate the isolates below the species level revealed 12 different clusters out of 73 strains. The human isolates belonged to eight different RFLP clusters, while five clusters contained dog and human isolates.

Prevalence of virulence and cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) genes in thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from dogs and humans in Gyeongnam and Busan, Korea / 대한수의학회지

The prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter (C.) spp. in stray, breeding, and household dogs was 25.2, 12.0, and 8.8%, respectively. C. jejuni and C. upsaliensis were the predominant Campylobacter spp. from household dogs. cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC were detected by PCR in all isolates. Despite the high cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) gene prevalence, only 26 (31%) C. jejuni strains and one (15.3%) C. coli strain showed evidence of CDT production in HEp-2 cell cytotoxicity assays. Virulence-associated genes detected in the C. jejuni and C. coli isolates were cadF, dnaJ, flaA, racR, ciaB, iamA, pldA, virB11, ceuE, and docC. cadF, dnaJ, flaA, and ceuE were found in all C. jejuni and C. coli isolates. When detecting Guillain-Barre syndrome-associated genes (galE, cgtB, and wlaN), galE was identified in all isolates. However, cgtB and wlaN were more prevalent in C. jejuni isolates from humans than those from dogs. Adherence and invasion abilities of the C. jejuni and C. coli strains were tested in INT-407 cells. A considerable correlation (adjusted R2 = 0.678) existed between adherence and invasion activities of the Campylobacter spp. isolates.

Detection of CDT toxin genes in Campylobacter spp. strains isolated from broiler carcasses and vegetables in São Paulo, Brazil

Campylobacteriosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis. One of the main virulence factors related to Campylobacter spp. in animals and humans is the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), encoded by three adjacent genes (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC). The occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in samples of vegetables has not been reported in Brazil yet, and has seldom been described in the international literature. The detection of CDT in these strains has not been reported, either. The objectives of the present study were to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. strains carrying virulence factors in samples of poultry and vegetables (lettuce and spinach) from different points of sale, thus verifying if vegetables are as an important vehicle for potentially virulent Campylobacter spp. strains as poultry. Twenty four strains were identified as Campylobacter jejuni by phenotypic and genotypic methods: 22 from broiler carcasses and two from lettuce samples. Three strains were identified as Campylobacter coli: two from broiler carcasses and one from lettuce. The presence of the cdt genes were detected in 20/24 (83.3%) C. jejuni strains, and 3/3 (100%) C. coli strains. The isolation of Campylobacter spp. strains with the cdt gene cluster in lettuce samples points to a new possible source of contamination, which could have an impact in the vegetable production chain and risk to public health. Results show that potentially virulent C. jejuni and C. coli strains remain viable in samples of broiler carcasses and vegetables at the points of sale.